Tag Archives: gold
Fuel’s Gold – Biofuel From Unwanted Plants
A team of engineers and ecologists in the USA are looking into the viability of converting woody plants on uncultivated land into a useable biofuel. Like many grasslands and rangelands around the world, the Southern Great Plains region in Texas is suffering from encroachment of woody or brush plants, in this case honey mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ) and red berry juniper wood ( Juniperus pinchotii ). These plants are regarded as noxious plants whose proliferation can ruin grass forage production for livestock, increase the potential for erosion by reducing grass cover and deplete soil moisture. Trying to remove them has proved costly, and such efforts have met with only marginal success. Yet if kept in check, they can benefit wildlife species, provide soil nutrients and increase grass species diversity. Now, researchers at Texas AgriLife Research and Texas A&M University are looking at converting these species into biogas while managing the ecology sustainably. Both species grow across 20 million hectares in Texas alone, and can achieve a biomass density of up to 50 dry tonnes per hectare. Mesquite thicket: Redberry juniper tree Previously, there has been no data on the gasification of mesquite and juniper wood, so the team set out to determine factors such as their gas compositions, heating values and yields. Samples were harvested, chipped and sieved, then put through a small-scale batch-type updraft fixed-bed gasifier, using air as the gasification medium. The team found that the gases consisted of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, CO 2 , hydrogen, oxygen, methane and ethane. Juniper’s contained slightly more carbon monoxide and methane, while mesquite’s had more nitrogen, CO 2 and ethane. Both had low levels of nitrogen though, about one-third to one-half that of coal. The heating values of mesquite and juniper were 20,128kJ/kg and 20,584kJ/kg respectively, equivalent to medium grade sub-bituminous coal and better than cattle manure biomass, for example, which has an ash content of 14–45%. However, the ash content of mesquite and juniper is less than 2%. What this means is that for every 100g of unburnt material you are left with 14.5-45g of ash with the biomass but only 2g of ash with the juniper and mesquite. For the end-product gases, the heating value was higher in the juniper than the mesquite, at about 3,447kJ/kg and 2,966kJ/kg respectively, while filtering out the nitrogen from them more than doubled these to about 8,316kJ/kg and 7,585kJ/kg. These figures are about 10–15% of the value of pure methane and, without the nitrogen, 27% and nearly 25%. Gas yields reached about 2.4 and 2.2m3/kg for the juniper and mesquite respectively, but Dr Jim Ansley of AgriLife Research warns against extrapolating these figures to arrive at a total resource figure. As he explains, ‘These are naturally growing, uncultivated plants, so biomass densities will be variable. We don’t know how much of the 20 million hectares is at 50 tonnes per hectare, it may only be 5–10%. Plus, there would be almost no chance that all 20 million hectares would be harvested.’ Any patches or clusters of sufficient density will therefore be scattered around, he says, so one option could be to develop small, local gasification facilities to avoid the high costs of transporting the woods to a main processing facility. Before then, he wants to develop a portable gasifier and move the technology from the lab to the field. ‘We also need to explore more ways of increasing gas yields’. Author : Guy Richards Materials World Magazine, 24 Jul 2012 – See more at: http://www.iom3.org/…h.w2oJoHFY.dpuf Continue reading
Fina World Junior: More gold, records go Down Under
Fina World Junior: More gold, records go Down Under Moni Mathews / 30 August 2013 Swimmers from Down Under once again stamped their class to nudge ahead in the gold rush in the 4th Fina World Junior Swimming Championships at the iconic Shaikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Sports Complex off the Emirates Highway. The start of the men’s 50m backstroke final at the World Junior Swimming Championships on Thursday. — KT photos by Mukesh Kamal The qualifying honours for the six events on Thursday were spread between six different nations, as the action continued at the complex, rated to be one of the best in the world by the swimmers and the officials taking part here. The talented green and gold capped youngsters had another great night in the late events on Wednesday taking two gold and one bronze to lead the gold medal tally with six, ahead of the US with five and Russia with four. The US remains in the overall lead with 14 medals. Russia is in second with 10 and Australia third with 8. Leading the Australian charge was hot action hero Mack Horton who climbed on to the gold podium for the fourth time with a superb 800m freestyle 7:45.67. Horton took an astonishing nearly 10.3 seconds off the championship record, and winning by over 10 seconds from Jan Micka of Czech Republic (7:56.33) who added the silver to his bronze in the 400m freestyle. Pawel Furtek (7:58.33) took the bronze and Poland’s first medal of the meet. “Missing out on qualifying for Barcelona (world senior Fina meet in July) made me push myself harder in training,” Horton said. Australia also took gold in the crowd pulling 4 x100m freestyle mixed relay. Australia was led out by Luke Percy who had earlier qualified fastest for the 50m freestyle final. Shayna Jack backed up from her bronze in the 100m freestyle to swim the second leg, followed by Regan Leong who had taken gold in the boys 4x100m relay on Day 1. Australia turned in front for the last 50, but Georgia Miller had a fight on her hands with Caeleb Dressel of the US giving his all to catch her. Miller dug deep and hung on for the victory in a championship record 3:28.74. The US took silver and Russia the bronze. In the girls 200m backstroke final Kylie Stewart of the US turned the tables on the 100m gold medallist Daria Ustinova of Russia, taking gold in 2:09.74, a new championship record. The other two finals saw three nations take medals for the first time in the Dubai meet. In the boys 100m butterfly Japan’s Takaya Yasue took gold in 53.01 while Hong Kong’s Siobhan Haughey beat world breaststroke champion Ruta Meilutyte of Lithuania for the gold with a new meet mark. Siobhan said: “I was so nervous, but so happy to swim with an Olympian. Ruta did a good job. It’s my first international competition so to win the gold is great.” New Zealand’s Gabrielle Fa’Amausili finished the girls 50m backstroke in 28.14 to qualify fastest for the semi-finals. The Kiwis who topped the medal count in a previous chapter of the championship have been fairly quiet so far in this event, with only one other appearance in a semi-final to date. Fans brought their colours to the iconic Shaikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Sports Complex on Thursday Iryna Glavynk of Ukraine qualified second, with Russia’s Daria Ustinova in third. Ustinova already has a gold from the 100m backstroke and a bronze from the 200m backstroke and will be looking to add a third medal to her collection in Friday’s final. South Africa also recorded its first fastest qualification time to date with Ryan Coetzee in the boys 50m butterfly finishing in 23.81. Dylan Carter of Trinidad and Tobago also made it through to the semis. Carter just missed a medal in the 100m backstroke final, but will have two more chances when he appears in both the 50m butterfly and 50m backstroke. The Aussies maintained their form posting the top two qualifying times in the girls 400m freestyle. Remy Fairweather finished in 4:09.75, ahead of teammate and 800m gold medallist Alanna Bowles. Fairweather is favourite for the final, having posted times almost two seconds faster than anyone else in the field prior to the championships. Russia, the dominant nation on Wednesday morning recorded the top two qualifying times for the boys 200m breaststroke. Mikhail Dorinov swam 2:13.40, with countryman Aleksandr Palatov second in 2:13.43. Ippei Watanabe of Japan qualified third. Ruta is one of the hardest working swimmers in this meet, contesting nine events. So far she has collected one gold and two silvers, and will be hoping to add to that after qualifying fastest for the girls 200m individual medley final in 2:15.10. Japan’s Emu Higuchi recorded the second best time, ahead of 400m individual medley gold medallist Ella Eastin of the US. In the final heat of the Day 4 programme of the 6-day event, Great Britain took the honours in the boys 4x200m freestyle relay with a new meet mark time of 7:19.93. Great Britain has yet to win gold, and face tough opposition from the US, Canada and Australia. The race is set to see another Mack Horton-James Guy duel. moni@khaleejtimes.com Continue reading
Chinese Fragrance More Precious Than Gold
By Wang Jie ( Shanghai Daily ) 08:12, August 19, 2013 Many rich Chinese are buying luxury brands of famous designer perfumes, but the ultimate luxury fragrance — one far costly than gold — is agarwood or chen xiang (沉香), an ancient Oriental fragrance. Increasingly Chinese are rediscovering their appreciation for agarwood, which played a role as incense and oil in religious rituals throughout Asia and the Middle East. The deeply aromatic fragrance is considered an aid to meditation and was very popular in ancient China. Pieces of natural wood and fragrant carvings are sought by collectors. Incense and essential oil are precious. Whenever it is burned, heated or simply placed at room temperature, it gives off a pleasant aroma — from subtle to intense. What could be more luxurious than simply burning a piece of high-quality chen xiang that costs 10,000 yuan (US$1,629) per gram of highest quality and savoring the fragrance. And then it’s gone, up in smoke. But worth it, many people say. Arguably the most costly fragrance in the world is complex, layered and difficult to describe. It is sweet, rich and deep but balanced. It’s also called earthy, smoky and sweet — deeply pleasing. For most people, chen xiang (literally “wood with mellow fragrance”) is just a piece of rotten wood. It literally is rotten. Agarwood is a dark resinous heartwood that forms in aquilaria and gyrinops trees when they become infected with a particular fungus. Before infection, the heartwood is relative pale in color, but the tree produces a dark aromatic resin in response to the attack. It is this resinous wood that is valued in many cultures. The trees are large evergreens native to Southeast Asia, but most have been cut down and now trees are commercially raised and infected with fungus in a long process. The best and most expensive chen xiang is natural and old, and some areas produce better wood than others. Although commercial agarwood has an alluring fragrance, there’s nothing like the real thing. The cost is so high because trees in nature are scarce, and the commercial farming and processing is costly. Throughout the region, locals hunt for old wood and may happen upon buried pieces that they treat like gold. Trees grow in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and India. Only very small amount is produced. For chen xiang collector Wang Yinan, this is the ultimate luxury, without parallel. “The reason is clear. If you buy a house, antique or jewelry, they remain as concrete items,” he says. “But chen xiang is different. It is burned for its fragrance, the fleeting moment of enjoyment. Nothing is left, but the fragrance, the temporary fragrance. Isn’t this the most luxurious thing on the world?” Wang, a famous TV host, is director of the National Chen Xiang Research Association. In ancient times, chen xiang could only be appreciated by imperial families and high-ranking nobles. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic, diuretic, stimulant and aphrodisiac. It was used to treat heart pain, stomach pain, fatigue, stress and anxiety. Today the price of a piece of high-quality chen xiang can reach several million yuan. At 10,000 yuan per gram, it is 35 times the price of gold which now costs 260 yuan per gram. Some is carved into artwork. As such, it’s coveted. “I always say that if you want to start collecting something, the best way is to study and learn,” Wang says. “Today the antiques field is chaotic, filled with traps and fakes and chen xiang is no exception — even worse. I would say that 90 percent of the chen xiang in the market is faked or artificially/commercially produced.” An educated nose is the best guide to authenticity, Wang says. “Because there is no physical way to judge the authenticity of real chen xiang, the only reliable tool is your nose,” he says. “I’m not opposed to commercially produced chen xiang, but the fragrance is a thousand miles away from original one, which could only be distinguished by the nose.” Wang once visited Vietnam to see how chen xiang is discovered. “It was a magical journey. Locals searched along the river and suddenly they spotted something in the mid. After washing and cleaning, it turned out to be chen xiang, an ordinary-looking piece of wood or enormous value,” he recalls. “I am enamored of chen xiang not only because of its profound fragrance but also because the fragrance envelops everyone, rich and poor, and it lingers. But when it’s burned, it’s gone, it’s a memory,” Wang says. Continue reading
