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Brazil And China Scramble For Agricultural Influence In Africa
Agriculture is central to Chinese and Brazilian development efforts – how trailblazing are their methods? Agricultural experts from China offer tips on rice planting to farmers in Dakar, Senegal. Photograph: Zheng Zheng/Xinhua[/color] China and Brazil have identified agriculture as central to their development efforts in Africa, confident in the belief that they can make valuable contributions based on their own agricultural success. China trumpets its ability to feed 20% of the world’s population on roughly 10% of the world’s arable land, while Brazil can boast of agribusiness-led commercial production of soya bean and ethanol as well as its promotion of smaller-scale farming. Last month, José Graziano da Silva, the director general of the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation, stressed the importance of south-south co-operation in advancing agricultural development in developing countries. “It is time for Latin America to increase its contribution to African development,” Graziano told African and Argentinian agriculture ministers in Buenos Aires, Argentina. What has been the experience of Brazil and China in agriculture in Africa; do they offer a new paradigm of south-south development co-operation? A collection of essays published last month by the Institute of Development Studies concludes that there is no single Chinese, Brazilian or African position. “China and Brazil have very different interests and priorities, and within these countries there are intense contests between different approaches, reflecting domestic political dynamics,” says the IDS bulletin China and Brazil in African Agriculture . “On the other hand, Africa’s 55 countries are hugely diverse, and any new development encounter arrives on the back of a very complex agrarian history and political economy.” The case of Brazil is particularly interesting, since it offers two distinct models. The first consists of large-scale farming for the production of soya and ethanol, backed by the ministry of agriculture, livestock and food supply, which describes itself as the ministry for agribusiness. The second emphasises integrated rural and social development in Brazil’s poorest regions through programmes designed to ensure the provision of technical support and credit for family farmers. Both approaches are evident in Africa. The ministry of agrarian development (MDA), a supporter of the family farm sector, has drawn on Brazil’s More Food programme, focusing on improving farmers’ access to equipment, machinery and agricultural technologies, including tractors, through the provision of concessional credit. Ghana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique have been given credit and signed a technical co-operation agreement. Shipping of machines and equipment will begin this year. The challenge, says the study, is to avoid subsidised technologies that end up benefiting wealthier farmers. At the other end of the spectrum is the involvement of agribusiness. In Ghana, for example, the Brazilian company Constran is building an ethanol plant, designated for export to Sweden, partly to get round European tariffs on Brazilian ethanol imports. So the $306m (£196m) project involves Brazilian technology and European investment in an African country. Competing visions such as these mirror Brazil’s complex agrarian economy, says the study, and the outcomes will depend on how African governments, farmers, entrepreneurs and civil society organisations absorb, shape and apply the models on offer. While Brazil is a new player in Africa, China has been involved in African agriculture for more than 40 years. Lila Buckley, senior researcher on China at the International Institute for Environment and Development in London, writes that Chinese agriculture co-operation tends to be heavily technocratic, reflecting China’s own experience. It has established more than 40 agricultural demonstration centres on the continent and provides agricultural assistance combined with infrastructure development. The latter includes dam construction with technical training, the provision of inputs and storage facilities, and facilitating links between agricultural ministries and communities. While the Chinese official line is that China’s agricultural experience can be of benefit to Africa, Chinese NGOs have offered more critical perspectives. A project officer at a Chinese NGO told Buckley: ” Aid is supposed to help local people develop by introducing China’s experience. But people forget to ask whether this is appropriate or not. Chinese people don’t understand African history or the development situation.” There is also concern about the suitability of China’s intensive agriculture model, which has achieved increased food production but only at the cost of the heavy depletion of water and soil, intense fertiliser use – which causes high pollution – and heavy energy consumption. The emphasis on technology transfer above other factors also worries some experts. “The Gates foundation is spending $1bn on agriculture technology,” an agriculture policy adviser at the Chinese Academy of Science told Buckley. “But not all technology is necessarily useful for Africa. In China, rural development started with land tenure reform, not with technology.” Buckley notes that, despite rhetoric of mutual benefit, China has generally taken the lead in designing and implementing agriculture projects, with only passive participation from African partners. This has led to frustration on both sides and project failures, as in the case of the Xai-Xai irrigation scheme in Gaza province in Mozambique. When the scheme failed, one Chinese participant complained: “We are here to help farmers, but the farmers are not interested in agriculture.” Kojo Sebastian Amanor concludes that south-south co-operation – though frequently framed as path-breaking – builds upon pre-existing forms of international development, neoliberal frameworks, and the expansion of capital in Africa.[/font][/color] Continue reading
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Evolution of the UAE passport
Evolution of the UAE passport Mustafa Al Zarooni / 23 August 2013 While history could be “the biography of great men”, as Thomas Carlyle wrote, we encounter it through collections of yellow-tinged papers and photographs and artefacts. Museums, which display these archives, are the house of history. They tell the tales of nations, people, their rulers, customs, beliefs and turning points. Al Dana Museum at the General Directorate of Naturalisation and Foreigners Affairs in Dubai is one such house of history. It has a good collection of important documents which young Emiratis must see to understand their country’s past. The collection includes travel documents and passports of the once Trucial States with each emirate having its own separate passport before the UAE Federation came into being 42 years ago. Colonel Ali Ghanim Al Mirri, Advisor for Naturalisation Affairs to the Director of the General Department of Residency and Foreigners Affairs, said, “The department looks forward to collecting more documents from Emiratis to enrich the museum, and show the people the history of their homeland, and the events it had witnessed. Boosting awareness about their history will help instil a sense of patriotic identity deeply in the hearts and minds of the young.” The collection includes a free pass document issued in 1966; a passport issued in 1973; temporary passports; change of the family book (citizenship document) from just a paper to a booklet; and passports in which the holders’ photographs were not shown as at that time privacy was strongly followed by the society. The other items showcased include passports — in fact, the travel documents — of all seven emirates before the establishment of the Federation. Over the years “There were no passports before the establishment of the state, and most likely only a travel document was issued,” said Colonel Al Mirri. “People travelled to GCC countries, east Asia and some African coasts for trade.” The travel document was usually issued by the Customs Office at the Ruler’s Court of each emirate. “Since the inception of the UAE Federation on December 2, 1971, and with the country going a long way towards modernity, passports were issued, and the nationals submitted their previous travel documents. Committees with members from reliable families with good reputation and well-known persons in each and every nook and corner of the country were formed. The members of those panels who knew every person in their respective regions were authorised to approve or reject the applications for passports those days,” he recalled. “In the early 1980s, a family book used to be issued to each family. The document was just a piece of paper. Its character and look changed many times, and at all times it looked like a passport but of brown colour.” “Then, the ordinary passports were of black colour and was renewed once every two years. Later, the colour changed to blue and the passport had to be renewed every five years.” There were five types of passports then — ordinary, special, diplomatic and temporary. The rules and procedures have changed. All indigenous and well-known UAE citizens are issued passports now and the process of granting the passport at present is different, as there are investigation committees and other procedures required before issuing the document. Colonel Al Mirri urged Emiratis who have such old and important documents to submit them to the museum so that everyone will benefit from viewing them. Thus, the museum would also expand and the public would benefit a lot in terms of understanding the history and evolution of the country as well as the naturalisation department. The museum is open to the public throughout the year. The naturalisations departments across the county had shown good cooperation by providing the documents in their possession to the Dubai directorate to be showcased at the museum, he added. Colonel Ahmed Mohammed Al Mohairi, Director of the Naturalisation Department at the directorate, said the progress the UAE had seen over the last 40 years might not have been achieved without the intimate relationship between the leadership and the people, and without the sincerity of the leadership and its keenness on mobilising all resources for the convenience and welfare of the people. Echoing the words of Colonel Al Mirri, he said it was necessary to document the history of the country, especially the pre-era of the Union, the early beginnings and the rapid development the UAE had seen after in a record short time. New passports The present biometric passports bear the same information saved on the Emirates identity card making it easy to use anywhere and they are safer. The passports are printed in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The printing of the UAE passport does not take more than a working day, and the document is delivered after a couple of hours if there is no overcrowding. “However, the passport renewal section sees pressure and overcrowding during the holiday and travel season,” he said. Manner of writing names Recently, a uniform way of writing the names of Emirati families has been adopted. The move was taken after some applicants faced some problems as their documents were being processed and issued in the old way. The department has addressed these issues. On the possibility of changing the family name or add a new name, certain rules and processes are being followed. Put a new family name or changing it is not allowed other than in some cases — that too only in the presence of the most senior and reliable member of the clan to which an applicant wants or claims to belong. That member has to acknowledge that he is a witness and that the applicant is one of his relatives and bears the same name of the clan. “Emirati woman does not follow the name of her husband or his clan, but she rather keeps the name of her clan or family,” he said. In the past, some people refrained from putting their photographs on the passports, and would, instead, write “refused”, especially veiled women. Some others allowed their photographs to be pasted on the passports but featuring only veiled faces or covering part of their faces. – malzarooni@khaleejtimes.com Continue reading
