Tag Archives: enzymes
Biofuel From Wood: Researchers Look For Best Enzymes
Mark Hoffman First Posted: May 13, 2013 04:18 PM EDT Huge amounts of fossil fuel could be replaced by biofuels if it was possible to extract them from the very plentiful waste product lignocellulose. Importantly, its use in biofuel production does not interfere with the animal or human food chain. Researchers are currently trying to find the best enzymes to make bioethanol production as efficient as possible and elucidating the mechanisms behind the key process of enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignocellulose is the main component of currently poorly used waste materials from agriculture, forestry and wood-based industries, including straw, corn leaves and stalks as well as paper mill waste. Composed of carbohydrate polymers tightly bound to the tough material lignin, enzymatic breakdown and microbial fermentation of the carbohydrates can be used for production of bioethanol, the researchers explained. (Photo : Flickr) On the downside, however, lignocellulose is what makes woody material so indestructible and so difficult to decompose. The EU-funded project DISCO aimed to develop and test more efficient and cost-effective enzymes for breakdown of carbohydrates in lignocellulose for production of bioethanol over the past years. To achieve this goal, DISCO researchers reported that they isolated naturally occurring enzymes from fungi and bacteria in soil samples, culture collections and metagenomic libraries. Altogether, almost 700 lignocellulytic strains were screened, yielding tens of interesting fungi for cellulose and hemicellulase activity. Genome mining from the fungus Myceliphthora thermophila resulted in nearly 20 novel cellulases and hemicellulases and multiple bacterial carbohydrate active enzymes were discovered from soil metagenomic libraries. Knowledge on the mode of enzyme action is crucial to the success of lignocellulose breakdown. Lignocellulose is composed of cellulose fibrils linked together with hemicelluloses, all embedded in lignin. The researchers said that they thus specifically looked for synergy, efficiency and ability to degrade the entire backbone of the hemicellulose molecule. Besides hemicellulose, the inhibiting effect of lignin on cellulases/hemicellulases was also analyzed. Project scientists also investigated the effects of different pre-treatments on chemistry and enzymatic digestibility of agricultural residues. On hydrothermally pre-treated wheat straw, temperature and residence time had a marked effect on enzyme digestibility. Discovery of new recyclable enzymes promises to supply biofuel to supplement other less sustainable forms of energy. Further details and research papers can be found on the DISCO website ( http://www.disco-project.eu ). Continue reading
Enzyme Research Could Lead to Less Expensive Biofuels
New research from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has discovered two approaches in which enzymes could break down cell walls more quickly and lead to less expensive biofuels for the transportation industry. Apr 30, 2013 Five NREL scientists and one scientist from the Weizmann Institute of Israel conducted research that could lead to enzymes helping create less expensive biofuel . Their paper, “Fungal Cellulases and Complexed Cellulosomal Enzymes Exhibit Synergistic Mechanisms in Cellulose Deconstruction”, has been published in Energy and Environmental Science. In order to reach the goal of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, which involves the U.S. producing 36 billion gallons of biofuel each year by 2022, the high cost of enzyme treatment needs to be properly addressed. Enzyme treatment is a critical step in transforming biomass, such as trees and switchgrass, into liquid fuel. Microorganisms secrete the enzymes that naturally degrade plant cell walls and harvesting their sugars. NREL scientists discovered that two enzyme paradigms, free and complex enzymes, can be used together to degrade biomass at the nanometer scale and enhances catalytic performance. By combining the two enzyme systems, the breakdown of cell walls becomes a faster and more efficient process, which could then make biofuel production a less expensive and time-consuming process, as well. http://eponline.com/ Continue reading
NREL Researchers Use Enzyme Combination To Break Down Biomass
Taylor Scott International Continue reading
